Table of Contents
- Executive Summary: 2025 Snapshot & Key Takeaways
- Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication: Core Technologies and Processes
- Leading Players and Pioneering Companies (2025—2029)
- Breakthroughs in Material Science: Efficiency, Stability, and Scalability
- Manufacturing Advances: From Lab to Gigawatt-Scale Production
- Market Size, Growth Forecasts, and Regional Trends (2025–2029)
- Competitive Landscape: Incumbents vs. Perovskite Innovators
- Supply Chain and Raw Material Considerations
- Regulatory, Standardization, and Sustainability Drivers
- Future Outlook: Disruptive Potential, Challenges, and Next-Gen Applications
- Sources & References
Executive Summary: 2025 Snapshot & Key Takeaways
In 2025, halide perovskite solar cell (PSC) fabrication stands at a critical juncture between advanced research breakthroughs and the onset of commercial-scale manufacturing. Over the past year, the sector has seen notable advancements in both device efficiency and process scalability, driven by collaborative efforts among research institutions and industry players. The power conversion efficiencies of lab-scale perovskite solar cells have now regularly surpassed 25%, approaching the performance of conventional silicon photovoltaics, with tandem perovskite-silicon structures even exceeding 29% in certified tests (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin).
In terms of fabrication, 2025 has seen a shift from primarily spin-coating and vapor deposition techniques towards scalable methods such as slot-die coating and inkjet printing, enabling the production of larger-area modules. Industrial entities, including Oxford PV and Meyer Burger Technology AG, have moved ahead with pre-commercial pilot lines, demonstrating semi-automated fabrication of perovskite-on-silicon tandem modules. These efforts are supported by investments into roll-to-roll processing equipment and encapsulation technologies, aiming to address the stability and moisture-sensitivity of perovskite layers.
Material supply chains for critical precursors such as lead iodide, methylammonium, and formamidinium salts are being established in parallel, with chemical suppliers like Merck KGaA expanding their offerings to meet the growing demand for high-purity perovskite materials. In addition, progress has been made in lead management and recycling protocols to mitigate environmental concerns, a prerequisite for regulatory approval and market acceptance.
Looking forward, the next few years will likely see the first commercial-scale production lines for perovskite-silicon tandem modules in Europe and Asia, with several gigawatt-scale factories announced or under construction (Oxford PV). Industry consensus expects module lifetimes and operational stability to meet IEC certification standards, opening the way for wide adoption in rooftop and utility-scale installations.
Key takeaways for 2025:
- Lab-scale perovskite cell efficiencies regularly exceed 25%, with tandem modules approaching 30%.
- Scalable fabrication moves toward slot-die and roll-to-roll processes, with pilot lines operational.
- Material supply chains and recycling practices are maturing to address environmental and regulatory needs.
- First commercial products expected in late 2025–2026, with Europe and Asia leading deployment.
Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Fabrication: Core Technologies and Processes
Halide perovskite solar cell fabrication has undergone rapid evolution in the past decade, with 2025 marking a pivotal year for the transition from laboratory-scale innovation to industrial-scale deployment. The core technologies focus on scalable deposition methods, improved material stability, and integration with existing photovoltaic (PV) infrastructure.
A central trend in 2025 is the advancement of scalable fabrication techniques that enable large-area, uniform perovskite films. Techniques such as slot-die coating, blade coating, and inkjet printing have moved from pilot lines to semi-commercial production, with companies like Oxford PV and Microquanta Semiconductor actively demonstrating high-throughput manufacturing of perovskite layers. These methods offer advantages in material utilization and compatibility with roll-to-roll (R2R) processes, essential for reducing production costs and increasing throughput.
Material stability remains a focal point in 2025 fabrication processes. Advances in encapsulation and the use of robust charge transport layers have significantly improved perovskite solar cell operational lifetimes. For example, Oxford PV has reported perovskite-on-silicon tandem modules that meet International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) lifetime standards, showing minimal degradation after thousands of hours of accelerated testing. These achievements are supported by the development of new passivation techniques and the incorporation of additives to suppress ion migration and moisture ingress.
Integration with existing silicon PV manufacturing lines is another 2025 milestone. Hybrid tandem architectures, where perovskite layers are deposited atop conventional silicon cells, are being scaled by several industry players. Hanwha Q CELLS and Meyer Burger Technology AG are actively investing in adapting their production lines for perovskite-silicon tandem modules, leveraging their established supply chains and quality control frameworks.
Looking ahead, the outlook for halide perovskite solar cell fabrication centers on further improvements in throughput, yield, and device durability. Industry collaborations and standardization efforts, led by organizations such as IEA Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme (IEA-PVPS) and Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), are expected to accelerate the adoption of best practices and facilitate market entry. By 2027, the maturation of these fabrication processes could enable perovskite PV to compete directly with incumbent silicon technologies in both efficiency and cost, setting the stage for widespread commercial deployment.
Leading Players and Pioneering Companies (2025—2029)
As of 2025, the landscape of halide perovskite solar cell (PSC) fabrication is shaped by a combination of start-ups, established photovoltaic manufacturers, and research-driven enterprises. Key players are transitioning from laboratory-scale breakthroughs to industrial-scale manufacturing, aiming to address stability, scalability, and environmental concerns while enhancing device efficiency.
- Oxford PV remains at the forefront of perovskite-silicon tandem solar cell commercialization. The company has scaled up its manufacturing line in Germany, with plans to deliver modules that surpass 27% efficiency. Oxford PV’s progress is closely watched, as it is among the first to move perovskite technology from pilot lines to gigawatt-scale production, targeting both rooftop and utility-scale installations by 2026. (Oxford PV)
- Saule Technologies, headquartered in Poland, has pioneered the large-scale fabrication of flexible perovskite solar cells using inkjet printing. Saule has deployed semi-transparent PSC modules for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and is scaling up production to meet growing demand in the European construction and IoT markets. The company’s manufacturing facility, operational since 2022, continues to increase its annual capacity, with further expansion projected through 2027. (Saule Technologies)
- Hanwha Q CELLS and LONGi Green Energy Technology, both global leaders in silicon PV, have invested in R&D partnerships for tandem perovskite-silicon modules. Hanwha Q CELLS has established research centers in Europe and South Korea dedicated to scaling up perovskite integration, aiming for commercial deployment before 2028. LONGi’s collaboration with leading academic groups is focused on roll-to-roll manufacturing and industrial encapsulation methods to improve perovskite module lifetimes. (Hanwha Q CELLS; LONGi Green Energy Technology)
- Microquanta Semiconductor in China is one of the first companies to mass-produce perovskite solar modules using scalable slot-die coating and encapsulation. Microquanta targets utility-scale power plants and is expanding its annual production capacity to several hundred megawatts by 2027, reflecting strong domestic and international interest. (Microquanta Semiconductor)
- Greatcell Energy in Australia has developed proprietary perovskite formulations and scalable fabrication techniques, focusing on both PV modules and specialty applications such as portable and indoor energy harvesting. The company is collaborating with industry partners for pilot deployments and aims for commercial-scale fabrication by 2026. (Greatcell Energy)
Between 2025 and 2029, these companies are expected to drive rapid advances in perovskite solar cell fabrication, with significant investments in stability, lead management, and scalable production. As industry leaders push toward commercialization, partnerships with construction, electronics, and energy sectors will accelerate perovskite adoption, establishing new benchmarks for efficiency and cost-effectiveness in the photovoltaic market.
Breakthroughs in Material Science: Efficiency, Stability, and Scalability
Halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly advanced in material science, exhibiting significant improvements in efficiency, stability, and scalability as of 2025. Key breakthroughs in fabrication processes and material engineering are driving commercial interest and laying the groundwork for broader adoption in the photovoltaic market.
Efficiency gains remain a central focus. In 2024, certified laboratory-scale perovskite cells achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 26%, rivaling established silicon technologies. Recent tandem cell architectures—combining perovskites with silicon—have surpassed 32% PCE in pilot demonstrations, benefiting from selective interface engineering and improved charge transport layers. Notably, Oxford PV announced a world-record 28.6% efficiency for commercial-sized tandem modules, underscoring the rapid pace of progress.
Stability, once a major challenge for PSCs, is now being addressed through advanced encapsulation and careful compositional tuning. For instance, the use of inorganic cations (e.g., Cs+) and mixed halide formulations has dramatically improved device longevity under real-world conditions. imec and Henkel reported collaborative progress on large-area perovskite modules with stable operation beyond 2,000 hours, approaching industry benchmarks for commercial viability.
Scalability has also seen marked improvements. Roll-to-roll coating and slot-die printing are being optimized for perovskite layers, enabling high-throughput production at lower costs compared to traditional photovoltaic materials. Helia Photovoltaics launched one of Europe’s first commercial perovskite module production lines, utilizing scalable ink-based deposition processes designed for rapid expansion. Additionally, First Solar is investing in pilot-scale perovskite R&D with the goal of integrating tandem devices into its existing manufacturing ecosystem.
Looking forward, industry analysts anticipate that ongoing material refinements and process automation will enable perovskite solar modules to reach mainstream production within the next few years. The sector’s momentum is bolstered by collaborations between research institutes and industry leaders, focusing on solving remaining challenges in long-term stability and scalability. By 2026–2027, market entrants are expected to launch certified products for building-integrated photovoltaics and lightweight, flexible applications, setting the stage for broader deployment of high-efficiency perovskite solar technology.
Manufacturing Advances: From Lab to Gigawatt-Scale Production
The transition of halide perovskite solar cell fabrication from laboratory-scale research to gigawatt-scale manufacturing represents a critical milestone in the commercialization of next-generation photovoltaics. As of 2025, substantial progress has been made in scaling perovskite production processes, with notable achievements in device stability, throughput, and reproducibility. Several pioneering companies and consortia are demonstrating pilot lines and early-stage mass production, signaling a near-term shift toward high-volume deployment.
One significant advance has been the development of scalable coating and printing techniques, such as slot-die coating, blade coating, and inkjet printing, which enable uniform deposition of perovskite layers over large areas. For example, Oxford PV is leveraging these methods in its integrated perovskite-on-silicon tandem solar cell manufacturing line, with its Brandenburg facility in Germany targeting hundreds of megawatts of annual capacity. The company’s roadmap projects expansion toward gigawatt-scale production, facilitated by automated handling and in-line quality control systems.
Material supply chains are also maturing. Greatcell Solar and Avantama supply high-purity perovskite precursors and specialty inks tailored for industrial-scale processes, reducing batch-to-batch variability and supporting large-volume manufacturing. These inputs are critical for achieving the device uniformity and reliability necessary for commercial deployment.
Manufacturers are addressing the challenges of long-term operational stability and environmental robustness, historically limiting perovskite commercialization. In 2025, companies such as Meyer Burger Technology AG are actively advancing encapsulation and barrier film integration techniques to extend module lifetimes under real-world conditions. Collaborative initiatives—like the European Perovskite Initiative under the European Solar PV Industry Alliance—are aligning research and industry players to establish best-practice manufacturing standards and accelerate the bankability of perovskite modules (ESWIA).
Looking ahead to the next few years, manufacturers are expected to ramp up capacities as pilot lines transition to commercial-scale output. Oxford PV and other players anticipate gigawatt-level facilities to come online by the late 2020s, with tandem modules projected to exceed 30% efficiency in mass production. The industry outlook is increasingly optimistic, with perovskite solar modules positioned to augment silicon PV and expand the global solar market, provided that durability and manufacturing scalability continue to improve.
Market Size, Growth Forecasts, and Regional Trends (2025–2029)
The halide perovskite solar cell (PSC) sector is approaching a pivotal phase in 2025, as several fabrication initiatives transition from laboratory and pilot lines to commercial-scale manufacturing. The global market for PSC fabrication is projected to experience robust growth through 2029, driven by the confluence of cost-competitive processing, high power conversion efficiencies, and increasing investments in scalable production.
In 2025, leading players such as Oxford PV are targeting the initial commercial roll-out of perovskite-on-silicon tandem modules, leveraging low-temperature solution processing and roll-to-roll manufacturing techniques. Oxford PV’s facility in Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany, is set to ramp up production capacity, signaling growing confidence in the scalability of perovskite fabrication. The company aims to deliver modules that surpass 27% efficiency, a benchmark that outpaces conventional silicon photovoltaics.
Another notable trend is the regional diversification of fabrication hubs. In Asia, organizations like Microquanta Semiconductor are investing in pilot lines and scale-up strategies for large-area perovskite modules, focusing on improving film uniformity and stability under mass production conditions. Meanwhile, Tandem PV in the United States has announced plans for a domestic manufacturing facility, aligning with federal priorities for localized clean energy production and supply chain security.
From 2025 to 2029, the global perovskite solar cell fabrication market is anticipated to grow at a double-digit compound annual growth rate. This robust expansion is supported by escalating commitments from both public and private sectors to decarbonize energy systems and by the maturation of scalable fabrication techniques, such as slot-die coating, vapor deposition, and inkjet printing.
- Europe is expected to lead early commercial adoption, supported by strong policy incentives and industrial partnerships. The European Union’s SolarPower Europe projects increasing integration of perovskite technology into the region’s solar manufacturing ecosystem from 2025 onward.
- Asia-Pacific, particularly China, South Korea, and Japan, is rapidly building technical capacity and supply chain infrastructure for PSC fabrication, with a focus on both domestic deployment and export potential.
- North America is likely to see a surge in fabrication activities, catalyzed by incentives provided under the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act and initiatives to onshore advanced PV manufacturing.
Looking ahead, the competitive landscape of halide perovskite solar cell fabrication will be shaped by ongoing improvements in device stability, environmental safety, and cost-effective scale-up, with a growing number of commercial fabs expected to come online globally by 2029.
Competitive Landscape: Incumbents vs. Perovskite Innovators
The competitive landscape of halide perovskite solar cell fabrication in 2025 is shaped by the interplay between established photovoltaic (PV) incumbents and a rapidly growing cohort of perovskite-focused innovators. Traditional silicon-based PV manufacturers, such as Trina Solar and JinkoSolar, continue to dominate global module shipments, leveraging economies of scale and mature manufacturing infrastructures. However, the persistent drive for higher efficiencies and lower costs has accelerated investments in perovskite technologies, both within incumbent portfolios and among specialized startups.
Several incumbents have launched collaborative initiatives or in-house R&D to integrate perovskite layers as tandem cells atop silicon, aiming to surpass the single-junction efficiency ceiling. For example, First Solar has announced research programs exploring perovskite-on-thin-film tandem architectures, while Hanwha Solutions has entered partnerships with research institutes to evaluate perovskite-silicon hybrid modules. These efforts are motivated by recent laboratory achievements, such as certified tandem cell efficiencies exceeding 29%, with projections of commercial module efficiency surpassing 25% within the next few years.
Concurrently, perovskite innovators have rapidly advanced from laboratory-scale prototypes to pilot-scale manufacturing. Companies like Oxford PV and Heliatek have commissioned pre-commercial production lines in Europe, targeting initial volumes for demonstration projects and high-value applications. Oxford PV, for instance, reported the shipment of the first perovskite-on-silicon tandem modules to partners in 2024, with plans for scaled-up output in 2025. Similarly, Meyer Burger Technology AG has disclosed strategic investments in perovskite R&D and announced pilot production of tandem modules.
The next few years are expected to witness a gradual convergence between the two camps. Some incumbents are acquiring or licensing perovskite technologies, while select innovators are seeking joint ventures for scale-up and bankable manufacturing. Challenges remain, particularly regarding the long-term stability and large-area uniformity of perovskite layers, as well as supply chain development for specialized precursors. Industry bodies such as IEA PVPS forecast increasing pilot deployments and field testing through 2026, with significant commercial market entry projected by the late 2020s.
Overall, the competitive landscape in 2025 is marked by swift technical progress, strategic alliances, and a cautiously optimistic outlook as both incumbents and perovskite-focused startups race to define the next generation of solar cell fabrication.
Supply Chain and Raw Material Considerations
The fabrication of halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) relies on a nuanced and evolving supply chain for precursor materials, substrates, encapsulants, and manufacturing equipment. As the industry enters 2025, the sourcing and consistency of these materials are critical for both scaling up production and ensuring device reliability. Key raw materials include lead or tin halides, organic cations such as methylammonium or formamidinium salts, and inorganic halides, with ongoing research into lead-free alternative compositions.
Major chemical suppliers have ramped up their capacity for high-purity perovskite precursors, responding to growing demand from pilot lines and early commercial deployments. For instance, Merck KGaA (operating as Sigma-Aldrich in some regions) and Strem Chemicals, Inc. have expanded their portfolios to include custom-synthesized perovskite salts and intermediates, with a focus on ultra-high purity to minimize device defects. This has facilitated steady supply for research, pilot production, and initial commercial module lines.
Supply chain resilience has become a focus area as PSCs move from lab to market. Glass and flexible polymer substrates are sourced from established suppliers such as Corning Incorporated, which has developed glass compositions tailored for perovskite stability and transparency. Encapsulation materials—critical for device longevity—are being supplied by companies like Dow and DuPont, which are adapting their photovoltaic encapsulant chemistries to meet the moisture and UV sensitivity of perovskites.
In 2025, equipment manufacturers are introducing solution-processing and vapor-deposition systems specifically designed for perovskite layers. Meyer Burger Technology AG is scaling up tandem cell production lines that integrate perovskite deposition with established silicon processes, while MBRAUN provides controlled-atmosphere processing environments essential for handling sensitive perovskite materials.
Looking ahead, the perovskite supply chain is expected to mature rapidly as commercial interest grows. Industry consortia such as PEPPER, coordinated by Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, are fostering cross-sector collaboration to address scalability, cost, and environmental considerations. Continuous advances in materials purity and encapsulation, combined with secure, diversified sourcing of metal halides and organic precursors, are projected to underpin the reliable scale-up of perovskite solar cell manufacturing through 2025 and beyond.
Regulatory, Standardization, and Sustainability Drivers
The regulatory, standardization, and sustainability landscape for halide perovskite solar cell (PSC) fabrication is undergoing rapid evolution as the technology approaches commercial viability in 2025. Key regulatory bodies and industry alliances are working to establish testing protocols, environmental benchmarks, and responsible manufacturing practices to support market entry and scale-up.
Standardization efforts are crucial for widespread PSC adoption. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has initiated the development of specific standards for perovskite PV modules, focusing on stability, safety, and performance under diverse environmental conditions. The UL Solutions has also begun certifying perovskite-based modules to existing PV module safety standards, with pilot projects underway to adapt protocols for perovskite-specific characteristics.
On the regulatory front, the European Union is leading with the “Solar PV Industry Alliance,” which includes perovskite technology in its roadmap for strengthening domestic solar supply chains and enforcing eco-design and end-of-life requirements as part of the Green Deal Industrial Plan (European Commission). In the US, the U.S. Department of Energy is funding demonstration projects for halide perovskite modules, integrating environmental health and safety (EHS) assessments to address concerns over lead content and lifecycle impacts.
Sustainability drivers are shaping fabrication choices. Large-scale manufacturers such as Oxford PV and Microquanta Semiconductor are investing in closed-loop manufacturing, solvent recovery, and encapsulation solutions to mitigate lead leakage—an area under increasing regulatory scrutiny. These companies are also participating in multi-stakeholder collaborations to define recycling pathways and develop lead-free or lead-reduced perovskite compositions.
Looking ahead, from 2025 onwards, regulatory and standardization frameworks are expected to tighten, especially around hazardous materials, module durability, and recycling. Industry bodies such as the Intersolar Europe platform predict that harmonized standards will be in place within two to three years, enabling bankability and insurability of perovskite solar products. Additionally, sustainability certifications—such as those overseen by the SolarPower Europe—are likely to play a growing role in procurement decisions for large-scale solar projects.
In summary, while 2025 marks a pivotal year for halide perovskite solar cell fabrication, the interplay of regulation, standardization, and sustainability is anticipated to intensify, shaping investment and commercialization strategies across the industry.
Future Outlook: Disruptive Potential, Challenges, and Next-Gen Applications
As of 2025, halide perovskite solar cell (PSC) fabrication stands at a pivotal juncture, characterized by rapid advances in scalability, stability, and integration potential. The disruptive promise of perovskite photovoltaics lies in their high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), low-temperature solution processability, and compatibility with flexible substrates. Multiple research groups and commercial entities have reported certified single-junction PCEs exceeding 25%, with tandem perovskite-silicon cells already surpassing 30% in laboratory settings. Oxford PV, a leader in perovskite-silicon tandem cells, is moving towards commercial-scale production, targeting modules with efficiencies above 28% and a roadmap for mass deployment within the next few years.
Despite these advances, several fabrication-related challenges remain before widespread commercialization. Stability under prolonged illumination, moisture, and thermal cycling is a central concern, as traditional perovskite layers are prone to degradation. Recent breakthroughs in encapsulation and interface engineering, as pursued by companies like First Solar through collaborative research, are expected to extend operational lifetimes to 25 years, approaching those of established photovoltaic technologies.
- Manufacturing Scale-Up: Roll-to-roll and slot-die coating methods are being actively developed to enable large-area, high-throughput production. Hanwha Solutions and Solliance Solar Research are piloting these scalable fabrication techniques, with pilot lines expected to yield commercial modules by 2026.
- Materials Supply and Sustainability: Lead toxicity remains a regulatory concern, prompting efforts toward lead-free perovskite compositions. Supply chain strategies are evolving, with leading suppliers such as Merck KGaA providing high-purity precursors and collaborating on recycling solutions to address environmental impacts.
- Integration and Next-Gen Applications: The unique properties of PSCs—lightweight, semi-transparency, and tunable bandgaps—are catalyzing applications in building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), agrivoltaics, and tandem modules for space and portable electronics. Heliatek and GCL System Integration Technology are exploring flexible and transparent perovskite modules targeted for deployment in urban and off-grid environments.
Looking ahead, the next few years are likely to witness the first commercial rollouts of perovskite-based modules, especially in niche markets where their unique advantages outweigh cost and longevity concerns. Continued innovation in fabrication, materials, and device architecture, supported by robust industry-academic partnerships, is expected to drive down costs and improve reliability, positioning halide perovskite solar cells as a potentially disruptive force in the global solar market.
Sources & References
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin
- Oxford PV
- Meyer Burger Technology AG
- Microquanta Semiconductor
- Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA)
- Saule Technologies
- Hanwha Q CELLS
- imec
- Henkel
- Helia Photovoltaics
- First Solar
- Avantama
- Tandem PV
- SolarPower Europe
- Trina Solar
- JinkoSolar
- Heliatek
- Strem Chemicals, Inc.
- DuPont
- MBRAUN
- UL Solutions
- European Commission
- Intersolar Europe
- Solliance Solar Research